Groepsdenken

De groepsdenken-theorie is in de jaren 70 ontwikkeld door de Amerikaanse professor Irving Janis. Groepsdenken is een denkwijze die plaats vindt bij mensen die nauw met elkaar optrekken of samenwerken, daarbij een hechte groep vormen en die zoveel waarde hechten aan een unanieme mening, dat deze unanimiteit belangrijker wordt geacht dan een kritische rationele instelling.

Zowel in een sociale context als in het bedrijfsleven – denk aan een Raad van Bestuur of Raad van Commissarissen, maar ook een vriendengroepje – kan dit gevaar opleveren. Het vermogen kritisch te zijn op het collectieve handelen van de groep neemt namelijk af. Een interessant voorbeeld van hoe dit mis kan gaan in het zakenleven is te lezen in het boek ‘De Prooi’ van Jeroen Smit.

Groepsgedrag ontstaat als groepsleden primair letten op het behoud van overeenstemming en eensgezindheid bij een beslissingsproces in plaats van een kritische overweging van de feiten. De groepsleden leggen meer nadruk op het ‘wij’-gevoel en zullen daardoor minder gemakkelijk kritiek uiten of informatie die de groepsvisie tegenspreekt, van zowel binnen als van buiten de groep, toelaten. Er ontstaat in het meest extreme geval een soort geloofsgenootschap die overtuigd is van zijn eigen gelijk, ongeacht de feiten.

Wanneer groepsdenken optreedt, kunnen de volgende symptomen waarneembaar zijn:
• Overschatting van de groep;
• Illusie van onaantastbaarheid;
• Onvoorwaardelijk geloof in de eigen moraal;
• Collectieve rationalisatie van de beslissingen van de groep;
• (Gedeeltelijk) karikaturiseren van de buitenwereld;
• Zelfcensuur, leden uiten geen kritiek;
• Illusie van unanimiteit (valse consensus effect);
• Directe druk op leden die het oneens zijn;
• Zelfaangewezen ‘mindguards’ die de groep beschermen tegen negatieve informatie.

Bron: Wikipedia

Zombie Flesh Eaters

OT: Zombi 2

Director: Lucio Fulci
Written by: Elisa Briganti
Cast: Tisa Farrow, Ian McCulloch, Richard Johnson, Al Cliver

Year / Country: 1979, Italy
Running Time: 91 mins.

Sun, sea and zombies in Lucio Fulci’s unofficial sequel to George A. Romero’s Dawn of the Dead, which is weird considering that was a sequel itself (to Night of the Living Dead). Also, this film has nothing to do with Dawn. Well, it’s about zombies obviously and it pretty much kicks ass as well.

A seemingly abandoned sailboat is found in the New York harbor with a zombie on board (zombies are called ‘zombies’ in this flick. Cool huh?). A reporter and the daughter of the missing boat owner head for the Atlantic to find out what happened. Along with two friendly sailors they meet in St. Thomas, they head out for the supposedly cursed island Matool. Already underway they stumble upon a zombie who is fighting a shark underwater. This is a spectacular scene: classic stuff!

On the island, the struggle for survival really begins. The horror starts with the infamous eye splinter scene, another classic moment, but perhaps not so brutal if you see it coming. From then on it is kill or be killed for the main characters. Fulci is not known for delivering a subtle underlying message. Neither is he specialized in directing actors to towering heights. No, he is a man of the gore. And he does what he does best with this movie.

Compared to Romero’s classic to which this is supposedly a sequel, it is done in a more low budget style. There are fewer zombies and it certainly misses the intellectual layer. But, the tropical location is almost as cool as Dawn’s shopping mall, the make-up and special effects are far out, and the music adds to a creepy atmosphere. This might just be Fulci’s best film. Definitely a must see for zombie aficionados.

Rating:

Biography: Lucio Fulci (1927, Rome – 1996, Rome) originally studied medicine but quickly turned to filmmaking instead. He started his film career with directing comedies, musicals and spaghetti westerns. Later he turned to Italian shock horror films and made a name for himself as the goriest director ever. His international career came off the ground in 1979 when he directed Zombi 2, an unofficial sequel to George A. Romero’s Dawn of the Dead, which had been released in Italy under the title Zombies. Fulci died from diabetes in 1996.

Filmography (a selection): The Thieves (1959) / The Jukebox Kids (1959) / Getting Away with It the Italian Way (1962) / The Strange Type (1963) / The Maniacs (1964) / 002 Operation Moon (1965) / How We Stole the Atomic Bomb (1967) / The Conspiracy of Torture (1969) / A Lizard in a Woman’s Skin (1971) / Don’t Torture Donald Duck (1972) / White Fang (1973) / Challenge to White Fang (1974) / Four of the Apocalypse (1975) / Silver Saddle (1978) / Zombi 2 (1979) / City of the Living Dead (1980) / The Beyond (1981) / The New York Ripper (1982) / Evil Eye (1982) / The New Gladiators (1984) / Dangerous Obsession (1986) / Zombi 3 (1988) / Demonia (1990) / Door to Silence (1991)

Bulletproof Gangster (2011)


‘Based on the true story of Danny Greene the man the mob couldn’t kill’

Directed by:
Jonathan Hensleigh

Written by:
Jonathan Hensleigh
Jeremy Walters
Rick Porrello (book ‘To Kill the Irishman’)

Cast:
Ray Stevenson (Danny Greene), Vincent D’Onofrio (John Nardi), Val Kilmer (Joe Manditski), Christopher Walken (Shondor Birns), Linda Cardellini (Joan Madigan), Tony Darrow (Mikey Mendarolo), Robert Davi (Ray Ferritto), Fionnula Flanagan (Grace O’Keefe), Vinnie Jones (Keith Ritson), Steve Schirripa (Mike Frato)

Bulletproof Gangster (also known as Kill the Irishman, after the book it’s based on) is a biopic about former union man turned Irish mob boss Danny Greene, set during the Cleveland Mafia war of the 1970s, in which his enemies failed time and again to kill him. Hence the title although Kill the Irishman might be more fitting, since they mostly tried to kill him with bombs rather than bullets.

It’s a classic rags-to-riches story. Greene starts as a dockworker, albeit a well-read one. He didn’t finish school but was famously self-educated. With the backing of mobster John Nardi, he rises to become a popular union president.

Meanwhile, his old neighborhood friend Joe (Val Kilmer) joins the Cleveland PD, following his former friend’s career and narrating the story. After Greene’s arrest, he’s barred from union work for life, so he enters the garbage business with mobster Jack Licavoli’s blessing.

But when mob boss John Scalish – who ran the Cleveland mob since the 1940s – dies, a brutal gang war erupts between Greene and Nardi on one side and Licavoli on the other. That summer, bomb after bomb rocks Cleveland, killing many gangsters. How long can the seemingly blessed Irishman survive?

This gangland tale covers one of the few untold chapters of American Mafia history. Director Jonathan Hensleigh, screenwriter of Die Hard With a Vengeance, clearly has a penchant for explosives, and it shows in this appropriately explosive film. The cast features many familiar faces from gangster movies, including Paul Sorvino as Tony Salerno.

Of the cast members, especially Vincent D’Onofrio and Christopher Walken stand out as the historical mob figures John Nardi and Jewish gang boss Shondor Birns.

Bulletproof Gangster might not be a biopic as captivating as GoodFellas, Casino or Donnie Brasco, but offers what you might expect: an entertaining mob film with one retaliation after the other.

Rating:

Quote:
DANNY GREENE: “I’m an Irish catholic with the grace of God on my shoulder. I’m not going anywhere until he says so.”

Trivia:
The plot to kill the Irishman (Danny Greene) involved an unprecedented breach of FBI security when a clerk was bribed by the mob and actually stole a list of confidential informants from a top secret room. Cleveland agents acted quickly, plugging the leak and arresting their clerk.