Tagarchief: Consciousness

The Doorway (1): LSD

Posted on by Jeppe Kleijngeld

“A fraction of a milligram and everything changes. A molecule that alters your consciousness. An unforgettable experience.”

On April 16, 1943, Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann, working at the Sandoz laboratory in Basel, accidentally ingested a small dose of LSD. Suddenly, he felt as if he were in another world. Fear gripped him: he worried he might never return to his wife and child, and panic set in. But later, the fear gave way to a positive wave. Afterwards, Hofmann felt he had crossed to the other side and returned.

Hofmann had been searching for a medicine to improve circulation. His work led him to ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and related plants. From this he synthesized LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), a substance chemically related to psilocybin, the psychedelic compound found in magic mushrooms. At first, Hofmann did not know what had caused his extraordinary experience, but he soon realized it must have been the compound he had created.

At Sandoz, researchers recognized LSD’s potential value for psychiatric research. Samples were sent to Stanislav Grof, a Czech-born American psychiatrist and consciousness researcher. This marked the beginning of Grof’s decades-long exploration of non-ordinary states of consciousness.

Grof saw LSD as a catalyst. It does not create these experiences, he argued, but makes them accessible. “In that sense”, he said, “LSD is comparable to what a microscope is for biology or a telescope for astronomy. We don’t think the microscope creates worlds that are not there, but we cannot study these worlds without the tool.”

During the Cold War, the CIA became interested in LSD as a possible truth serum. The problem was that they were seeking predictable outcomes and LSD does not work that way. It was also considered as a potential weapon to incapacitate the enemy.

So how does LSD work? Our consciousness is the sum total of everything our senses perceive. LSD amplifies these senses dramatically. Psychedelic sessions can take people further than years of psychoanalysis.

In a positive experience, users may feel the ego dissolve, boundaries melt away, and control loosen. This can be deeply pleasant. Space and time lose their meaning; experience flows freely until one becomes pure experience itself.

In the 1960s, the psychedelic revolution erupted. The Merry Pranksters, led by Ken Kesey – author of ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’ – embraced LSD and drove a brightly painted bus across America, inviting people to experience it for themselves.

In Millbrook, an abandoned estate in New York, psychiatrist Timothy Leary and Ralph Metzner established a psychedelic research center where anyone could participate. LSD was seen as a great equalizer. No matter one’s social background, the experience could dissolve hierarchy and expand cosmic understanding.

“We teach people to turn on, go out of their minds, and tune in”, Leary said. “The country is an insane asylum, focused on material possession, war, and racism.” His ambition was nothing less than a spiritual revolution, achieved by millions of people using LSD regularly.

Hofmann strongly objected to this approach. LSD, he warned, was a powerful instrument that required a mature mind. Promoting it indiscriminately to young people was irresponsible.

LSD often triggered strong anti-war sentiments, rooted in transpersonal experiences of unity with nature and all living beings. This directly challenged conservative values. In the United States, amid the escalating Vietnam War, tensions between the counterculture and the establishment grew. LSD became a convenient scapegoat for social unrest, and the government launched an aggressive – and often absurd – propaganda campaign.

In 1966, LSD was outlawed in California. In 1967, President Nixon declared Timothy Leary “the most dangerous man in America.” Grof later remarked, “In the irresponsible hands of Leary, it came to be seen as dangerous and that killed nearly all possibilities for research.”

Some clinical work continued for a while. Grof conducted LSD sessions with terminal cancer patients, profoundly altering their relationship with death. Many became reconciled with the fact that they were dying. “In our culture”, Grof said, “we are programmed to think we are only our bodies. LSD can show you that you are part of something much larger.”

Soon, however, LSD was internationally demonized. Research disappeared underground and remained there for decades.

Albert Hofmann died on April 29, 2008, at the age of 102. He never denied LSD’s risks, but he also believed its greatest danger lay in misunderstanding it. For Hofmann, LSD was not an escape from reality but a doorway… A doorway that, if approached with care, could reveal how vast and mysterious consciousness truly is.

The documentary ‘The Substance: Albert Hofmann’s LSD’ is available for rent on the Apple TV app.

In Brussels (2)

Posted on by Jeppe Kleijngeld

“The mind is not only an internal phenomena, but an external landscape thing as well. When you walk around a city, it is located in your mind and you’re creating every external object you observe in this cityscape. Those objects wouldn’t be present without you. They don’t exist in the world, they exist strictly in observers.”
― Nicky Mento, ObserverWorld

[22-05-25] The road was becoming familiar by now. As I approached Belgium, five towers loomed on the outskirts of Antwerp, overlooking the highway. What a terrible, unnatural way to live, I thought. But I suppose, in this day and age, that qualifies as prime real estate.

Other landmarks slipped past on the A12: the Duvel brewery, the gleaming geometry of the Atomium, and of course, the beautiful cathedral that greets you as you enter Brussels. I was in the city for the second time that week – this time for an interview with the head of the Belgian antitrust authorities, which, in the world of M&A, is no small thing.

It was a week before my 45th birthday, and I felt good. Energized, even. Ready to explore this engaging city once more. The interview went well, and afterward, I ducked into a café to get some work done. Later, I made my way to De Brouckère Square again. But instead of stopping at the Metropole like last time, I went to the UGC cinema to watch Mission Impossible: Dead Reckoning.

I’d noticed Tom Cruise’s face of posters scattered across the city when I drove in. In this eighth – and possibly final – installment, he was truly up against the impossible: defeating a rogue artificial intelligence that had seized control of the internet.

The film wasn’t perfect, it dragged on in parts, but the finale was spectacular. The airplane sequence was a genuine triumph. It also tapped into one of the most pressing threats facing the modern world: the drift from information war to potential nuclear conflict. So kudos to Cruise and director Christopher McQuarrie for pulling it off.

Luther had the last word, and it was a hopeful one: there are countless possibilities ahead, and we can choose well: not just for ourselves, but for others. “Nothing is written.” A message that harmonizes beautifully with quantum physics – and fittingly so, given this city’s history. In 1927, the world’s leading physicists gathered at the Metropole on De Brouckère Square to grapple with the implications of their discoveries.

They didn’t phrase it in those exact terms, but the idea was present: the universe arises from unmanifested potential, and it is consciousness – expressed through living beings – that brings it into form, shaping reality within the space-time field they themselves create.

In the film, the AI, known simply as The Entity, can calculate the probabilities of human choices, predicting the future with uncanny accuracy. To defeat it, the characters must make wildly improbable decisions, thereby evading its forecasts. That concept stuck with me: What improbable choice should I make? Should I invest everything into Free-Consciousness and try to get the platform off the ground?

I wandered into a sushi restaurant to think it over. The waiter greeted me with a nod and showed me to my table. I felt a bit like Robert De Niro’s character, Noodles, in Once Upon a Time in America, being led to a bed in the Chinese opium den – where he proceeds to dream the second half of the film into existence. Or so it seems. Only my opium was sushi and cola from an unfamiliar brand.

But I was there to dream. To dream about life, about work, about writing and movies. The week before, I’d come to a realization: I have too many passions. And by trying to do them all, none of them is really going anywhere. I started Free-Consciousness to bring a small spark of awareness to a world in decline. But if I want it to succeed, do I need to go all in?

To help answer that question, I brought along a trusted companion: the I Ching, or Book of Changes – one of humanity’s oldest living oracles. For more than three thousand years, this ancient Chinese system of divination and wisdom has helped emperors, sages, and ordinary people navigate life’s complexities. While traditionally understood through classical philosophy, new interpretations suggest the I Ching might be an early interface for the consciousness field; a symbolic system for engaging with probability patterns and glimpsing potential futures.

My question to the book was simple: Is it okay to dabble in all my hobbies, or should I focus on just one and fully commit?

The system revolves around 64 hexagrams – six-line figures made up of either solid (yang) or broken (yin) lines. Each hexagram represents a universal situation or process. I took three coins from my wallet and cast them six times to determine which lines to draw.

The result was Hexagram 53: Chien / Development. And it was exactly what I needed to hear.

The text read:

‘The image of this hexagram is that of a tree growing high on a mountaintop. If this tree grows too quickly, without properly rooting itself, it becomes vulnerable to the wind and may be torn apart. But if it takes time to establish strong roots and is content to grow gradually, it will enjoy a long life and a lofty view. Human beings are no different. While we often crave rapid progress – immediate achievement of all our goals – we must eventually come to understand that the only lasting progress is gradual. Chien urges you to accept this truth and shape your thoughts, attitudes, and actions accordingly.’

Word. Free-Consciousness is like that tree. It needs time to root before it can rise.

A Shift In Scientific Worldview – Robert Lanza’s Biocentrism

Posted on by Jeppe Kleijngeld

‘It’s all in the mind, you know?’
― George Harrison, ‘Yellow Submarine’

● Robert Lanza’s theory of biocentrism posits that consciousness is fundamental to the existence of the universe. He argues that the universe cannot exist independently of observers and that time and space are constructs of the mind. This perspective reverses the traditional view that the universe predates life, suggesting instead that life and consciousness are central to the creation of reality.

● Lanza’s theory is supported by quantum mechanics, which demonstrates that particles exist in a state of superposition until observed. He contends that the observer’s consciousness is crucial in determining physical properties, challenging the notion of an objective reality. This idea is illustrated through quantum experiments showing that observation directly influences particle behavior.

● Biocentrism challenges the materialistic worldview, suggesting that reality is a mental construct. It proposes that time and space are not independent entities and the theory implies that consciousness continues beyond physical death and addresses profound questions about the nature of the universe. Despite its controversy and mixed reactions, biocentrism offers a radical new perspective on the interplay between consciousness and reality.

The Story Of An Exceptional Scientist
The life story of the American stem cell pioneer and visionary scientist Robert Lanza (1956) is exceptional. He grew up in a disadvantaged neighborhood in Stoughton near Boston. His father was a professional poker player with not very gentle parenting methods. He and his sisters had a really hard time at home. From a young age, Robert liked to flee into the vast nature around his city where he thought about the universe. A big question that was already on his mind then was: suppose I wasn’t here, or the other living beings, what would be the point for this place to exist?

He eventually escaped from the hopeless social underclass by throwing himself into science. When he was thirteen, he managed to blacken an albino chicken by modifying the animal’s genes. He won a science competition with it and the experiment was published in the leading scientific journal Nature. It wouldn’t be Lanza’s last stunning performance. In 2001, he became the first scientist to clone a specimen of a nearly extinct species, an Indian type of bison called a Gaur. He did this by injecting 25-year-old animal DNA into an egg and then using this egg to make a regular cow pregnant.

Since the late 1990s, he has devoted himself to regenerative medicine, including stem cell therapy, to cure various diseases. He is currently head of Astellas Global Institute for Regenerative Medicine. Lanza’s pioneering work will contribute significantly to the future cure of conditions such as Alzheimer’s, diabetes. blindness, various lung and vascular diseases, Crohn’s disease and other immunological disorders. In 2014, Time Magazine named Lanza one of the most influential people in the world for his stem cell research.

A New Scientific Perspective: Biocentrism
In addition to his work as a medical doctor and researcher, Lanza thinks about the workings of the universe as a whole. He does this mainly in his secluded home on a ten-acre private island in Clinton, Massachusetts, where he has lived alone for twenty years.

In addition to a tropical pool house, he also owns a collection of museum pieces, including a nest of fossilized dinosaur eggs, prehistoric fish and a 4.6 billion-year-old meteorite discovered in Venezuela.

But according to his Theory of Everything, ‘biocentrism’, it’s not necessarily the case that this stone has been lying unseen in Venezuela’s clay for billions of years, waiting to be found by archaeologists. According to Lanza’s theory, time – like space – is just an algorithm of our mind, which organizes our observations into logical experiences. So the meteorite is ‘there’ in potential, but it takes an observer to manifest its properties and even its entire history.

The central point of biocentrism is that animal observers are 100 percent necessary to bring the universe into existence. The traditional view that the universe started with the physical materials and that life came onto the scene much later is completely reversed by the stem cell doctor. The source of the universe is consciousness, which produces cells capable of perceiving. Hence the name: biocentrism.

Lanza argues that to make physics work, consciousness cannot be excluded. Reality is a process that takes place within perception, and never outside of it. This is especially obvious in quantum mechanics. Without a living observer there is no ‘external’ reality with time, space and matter. All these elements only exist relative to observers who are essentially creating them. Nothing is external to consciousness. A mindfuck, I know. Perhaps the most remarkable thing is that he has apparently devised his theory completely without drugs.

Now let’s take a few steps back and explain how the doctor came to these remarkable conclusions.

Quantum Mechanics & Why Only Observed Phenomena Are Real Phenomena
In the first volume of his ‘Biocentrism’ trilogy from 2010, Lanza first uses basic science to explain why our senses are 100 percent necessary to create physical reality. He peels off the layers of objective reality like you would peel an onion. Sounds are not really sounds until rapid air pressure variations hit the eardrum. No ear-brain system present on the scene? No sound. The same goes for color. Unless electromagnetic waves hit the retina within the eye, there is nothing to see.

But surely we are able to touch all these invisible structures in the external world, right? Not so, explains the doctor. Touch is purely the sensation of energy fields attracting and repelling each other. No solids ever really touch each other as they consist almost completely of empty space.

In other words, the ‘external world’ is completely correlative to our conscious experience of it. And that is without even taking quantum mechanics into account. In order to get ‘matter’ to exhibit physical properties, observation is a requirement. Quantum theory is clear on this: particles are, prior to observation, in a state of superposition. This means that the particles don’t exist in any ‘real’ sense, just as statistical probabilities. We know exactly the odds of when and where a particle will appear after measurement, but before that moment they exist purely as ghost-like entities.

Most scientists still maintain that that doesn’t mean that a ‘conscious’ observer is needed, and that any macroscopic object will do. In his first two biocentrism books however, Lanza clearly describes several quantum experiments that show that consciousness determining reality is the only explanation that really makes sense.

The bottomline of these experiments is that knowledge is always key. Particles can behave as seemingly solid bits of matter or ghost-like waves, and only the observer determines which one of these outcomes it will be. If the researcher knows nothing about which way particles will travel, ‘they’ will always behave as probability waves. But if the researcher acquires which-way information, the outcome will be solid particles.

Lanza (together with co-author Bob Berman) explains that the experiment can be set up in such a way that the only change occurs in the experimenter’s mind. He or she has learned something about the potential photon or electron without in any way disturbing the experiment. The only difference is thus a bit of knowledge and the result of the experiment is completely altered. All knowledge is mental. Therefore, the only conclusion that makes sense, Lanza proposes, is that the universe itself is a construction of consciousness and not a physical one. Animal observers that make the observations are ingrained in the universe, so everything is really ONE and all separation is illusory. Many founding fathers of quantum mechanics and other well known physicists already believed this to be the case:

‘Consciousness cannot be accounted for in physical terms. For consciousness is absolutely fundamental. It cannot be accounted for in terms of anything else.’
― Erwin Schrödinger

‘The very study of the external world leads to the conclusion that the content of consciousness is an ultimate reality.’
— Eugene Wigner

‘We do not assume any longer the reality of a detached observer, but one who by his indeterminable effects creates a new situation, a new state of the observed system.’
— Wolfgang Pauli

‘The universe could only come into existence if someone observed it – it does not matter that the observer turned up several billion years later. The universe exists because we are aware of it.’
— Martin Rees

‘Copernicus dethroned humanity from the cosmic center. Does quantum theory suggest that, in some mysterious sense, we are the cosmic center?’
— Bruce Rosenblum and Fred Kuttner

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle further confirms Lanza’s theory. If a particle existed outside the observer you should be able to measure all its properties, but you can’t. Not because of some limitation in the available testing instruments, but because the laws of the cosmos don’t allow it. You cannot possibly know the speed and location of a subatomic particle at the same time. Why not? Why would a particle care about what we know or don’t know?

Lanza’s conclusion: the particle is not outside of us. With our observations, we determine where a particle is, what its properties are and what it does. Lanza writes about this: ‘The entities we observe are floating in a field – a field of mind, biocentrism maintains – that is not limited by the external spacetime Einstein theorized a century ago.’[1]

Time And Space Are Not Fundamental
But if that is really the case, it presents us with a problem. It is after all scientifically determined that the universe existed way before any observer arrived on the scene. Therefore, observers cannot be a requirement for reality to exist. Lanza deals with this ‘problem’ – which is not really a problem but an alteration in thinking – by demonstrating that time and space have no objective existence. Like matter, they are manifested by the observer.

According to Lanza we are mental representations, so space and time must be looked at as mental tools and not as actual things. They are both senses, very much like tasting or hearing or feeling. Space gives us the sense that we are inside an environment we can physically interact with, much like a computer game.

Time is the sensation of witnessing movement and change within the virtual environment we call the universe. Together, the senses of space and time make it seem to us that we are inside the universe, while in reality everything appears in our minds and is thus virtual. A coffeecup is not sitting in your cupboard waiting for you to arrive and take it out. It appears in your mind. The mind is a reality weaver tying everything together: past to present, forms to comprehension, and still frames to motion.

Science has the tendency to divorce the living being from its surroundings and study it as a separate entity. According to Lanza – and this is the central point of biocentrism – this is not possible at a fundamental level: the sensory equipment of the creature is inseparably linked to the existence of the physical universe.

The paragraph in the first biocentrism books that really hit it home for me was this one: ‘Look now at anything. Custom has told us that what we see is ‘out there’, outside ourselves, and such a viewpoint is fine and necessary in terms of language and utility, as in ‘please pass the butter that’s over there’. But make no mistake: the visual image of that butter, that is, the butter itself, actually exists only inside your brain. That is its location. It is the only place visual images are perceived and cognized.’[2]

So there you have it: no external butter, but only the butter that is your own creation. In this context, it is also useful to describe the difference between mind and brain, which is – like the past in which no observers yet existed – a source of confusion when it comes to understanding biocentrism.

According to Lanza, the difference between mind and brain is as follows: ‘The brain is an actual physical object that occupies a specific location. It exists as a spatiotemporal construction. Other objects, like tables and chairs, are also constructions and are located outside the brain. However, brains, tables, and chairs alike all exist in the mind.’

‘The mind is what generates the spatiotemporal construction in the first place’, Lanza continues. ‘Thus, the mind refers to pre-spatiotemporal, and the brain to post-spatiotemporal. You experience your mind’s image of your body, including your brain, just as you experience trees and galaxies. The mind is everywhere. It is everything you see, hear, and sense. The brain is where the brain is, and the tree is where the tree is. But the mind has no location. It is everywhere you observe, smell or hear anything. The mind consists of everything you experience.’[3]

An additional benefit of the theory is that death cannot exist in a biocentric universe. Since our consciousness is part of a field of mind, and since time and space emerge out of this field, it is not possible for consciousness to ever end. When you are born, consciousness is strapped to a spacetime body and a flow of experience is then tied to this body. When it (the body) dies, this continuous flow comes to an end, like a ripple in a pond, but the consciousness that caused it continues.

Reactions To The Theory
Cloning and stem cell research are areas of controversy. Biocentrism is controversial as well because the perspective goes against the current prevailing, materialistic worldview. In response to his book, Lanza received thousands of emails. Some were positive, ‘it has changed my life’ and some were negative.

However, certain arguments against biocentrism indicate that the person in question has not understood the theory. For example, the reaction: ‘If everything is in your mind, why don’t you jump off a building?’ Lanza never claims that the known laws of nature are wrong, just that they belong to the living observer and not to some unproven external domain that keeps on existing even when inexperienced.

Finding Answers To Science’s Biggest Questions
The purpose of biocentrism is to answer deeper questions. Science has a very good grip on scientific laws. Lanza wants to know why they are like that. ‘Science has explained some aspects of reality and religion has explained others. I want a picture in which there are no contradictions.’[4]

Even as a young student, Lanza could never accept the inconsistencies in science that are taken for granted. Where did all the matter to build the universe from, come from? Why are the laws of nature exactly fine tuned for life? How could life arise out of mere chance? Biocentrism places consciousness as the central creator of the universe. Then he goes out to prove his theory through experiments.

Quantum experiments, as described above, support the theory. So do observations of the goldilocks principle or why the universe is exquisitely fine tuned to support life. If observers create reality, they must create one that allows for their existence. If animals would create a universe with weak gravity, we would fall off the earth. If nature’s four forces wouldn’t have exactly the right values we would have never existed. Our universe has exactly the right constants that support life because we are creating them.

People find it hard to wrap their minds around the theory, because it is, A) hard to imagine that the world is not there when you’re not experiencing it, and B) hard to conceptualize something that has no beginning and no end. Like the chicken and the egg, which one came first? Since the question is impossible to answer, the only solution is that they must have emerged together. When they arrived as a construct of consciousness, this is an acceptable end point. There is no need to go beyond consciousness.

Lanza writes: ‘Once an observer exists, the aspects of the universe under observation become forced to resolve into one state, a state that includes a seemingly pre-life earth. This means that a pre-life universe can only exist retroactively after the fact of consciousness. Because time is an illusion of consciousness, this whole talk of before and after isn’t strictly correct, but provides a way of visualizing things.’[5]

Still, many people still don’t understand biocentrism. When I view this topic on platforms like Quora, I often read reactions, such as: ‘We know that certain rocks are older than life, so the theory is completely bogus.’ When that is your counter argument, you are still not thinking about it in the proper way. Time is 100 percent mental. It is relative to the observer. For the observer, the rock may appear to be billions of years old, but it is just an observation and not an absolute truth. All reality is relative and the past isn’t yet the past until observation happened.

Physicist John Wheeler has said that until events are observed at this moment, they didn’t really unfold, but lurked in a blurry, probabilistic state, all ready to become an actual ‘past’ occurrence only upon our current observation. This astonishing possibility is called retrocausality and experiments of the past two decades are confirming that this is how reality works. This breakaway from classical physics is still largely unknown by the general public.

Life is considered as inconsequential in the current scientific paradigm. Biocentrism, on the other hand, considers life and consciousness as indispensable cosmic attributes. But when will this view be accepted as the new standard model?

Lanza: ‘This is not some minor tweak in worldview. Our entire education system in all disciplines, the construction of our language, and our socially accepted ‘givens’ – those starting points in conversations – revolve around a bottomline mindset that assumes a separate universe ‘out there’ into which we have each individually arrived on a very temporary basis. It is further assumed that we accurately perceive this external pre-existing reality and play little or no role in its appearance.’[6]

Conclusion
According to Robert Lanza, the idea that the world exists outside of perception, is nothing but a very convincing illusion. Not one feature of the world, be it mass, color, smell, solidness or an object’s position in space, could be present in the absence of an observer. Biocentrism integrates the act of observation in the way the cosmos operates. This results in a radical new perspective that fits perfectly with all the scientific evidence physics and cosmology have gathered over the past centuries.

However, writes Lanza, biocentrism is not an end point. ‘Rather, it can be viewed as a jumping-off place, a portal to yet deeper explanation and explorations of nature and the universe.’[7] To which I can only say: Let’s go.

PS: To read more about biocentrism, and similar scientific and philosophical perspectives on consciousness and reality, visit: Free-Consciousness.com.

NOTES

1. Lanza, R., Berman, B. Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe. Dallas: BenBella Books, 2010. P. 53

2. Lanza, R., Berman, B. Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe. Dallas: BenBella Books, 2010. P. 36

3. Lanza, R., Berman, B. The Grand Biocentric Design: How Life Creates Reality. Dallas: BenBella Books, 2020. P. 208

4. Robert Lanza featured on the Canadian Broadcast Corporation (CBC’s) ‘Ideas’, one of the oldest and most respected radio programs in the world. Host Paul Kennedy has his understanding of reality turned-upside-down by Dr. Robert Lanza in this paradigm-shifting hour. Dr. Lanza provides a compelling argument for consciousness as the basis for the universe, rather than consciousness simply being its by-product. Listen to broadcast
http://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/biocentrism-rethinking-time-space-consciousness-and-the-illusion-of-death-1.3789414

5. Lanza, R., Berman, B. Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe. Dallas: BenBella Books, 2010. P. 90

6. Lanza, R., Berman, B. Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe. Dallas: BenBella Books, 2010. P. 15

7. Lanza, R., Berman, B. Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe. Dallas: BenBella Books, 2010. P. 141

Mind Book #2 – The Spread Mind

Posted on by Jeppe Kleijngeld

Read also: Mind Book #1 – Being You

In The Spread Mind: Why Consciousness and the World Are One (2018), philosopher, psychologist, and AI expert Riccardo Manzotti offers a bold new perspective on the problem of consciousness. Rejecting the notion that experience arises from neural activity – the default view in contemporary science – Manzotti argues that experience and reality are fundamentally identical. While this might evoke comparisons to biocentrism, the Spread Mind is a distinct theory.

Biocentrism posits that consciousness actively creates the world. In contrast, the Spread Mind asserts that consciousness is physical yet external to the body. It is neither a property of the brain nor the body; rather, it is identical to the objects in the surrounding environment. So when you are looking at an object, let’s say an apple, that apple is not in space and time but where you experience it. Also, the apple is identical to your experience of it.

At first glance, this might again seem like a biocentric perspective, as both theories reject the idea of an apple existing independently in the outside world, waiting to be experienced. However, the distinction lies in where the apple resides: in biocentrism, the apple exists within the mind, whereas in the Spread Mind theory, the apple is the mind. The object is causal, active, relative, temporally-defined, and of course spread.

What we label ‘an object’, Manzotti asserts, is a physical occurrence that repeats itself whenever we put our bodies in the proper circumstances. As a result, even though we believe the same object perdures, what perdures is not the object but a set of circumstances that are favorable to the occurrence of a series of identical objects.

Relocating experience in the world – and therefore ‘spreading’ consciousness in spacetime – can pay back in terms of simplicity, states Manzotti. And he’s right. Up to now, the reduction of experience to neurons and their whereabouts, the usual candidates for the physical underpinnings of consciousness, has not been satisfactory for explaining the conscious mind, since experience and the brain do not resemble each other in the least. In his theory, consciousness will no longer be an unexpected addition to the physical world because appearance and reality are the same thing.

To explain why his theory is better, he uses the simple case of Emily experiencing a red apple. The common perception is that she reproduces the apple inside her brain. But is that really the best solution? Manzotti’s view: ‘The brain is pinkish-gray, gooey, and bloody. The red apple is red, round, and applish. Which entity is more similar to Emily’s experience of the red apple?’ (P. 9)

The theory of the Spread Mind asserts that phenomenal and physical properties are the same. We perceive the world as it is because we are the world we perceive. The properties of our experience are the properties of the physical world we live in. According to the Spread Mind theory, the mind is a set of objects. Manzotti describes the body as a causal object that ‘causes’ all the other objects to be part of the set. This is again close to biocentrism, where it is consciousness itself that is the causal entity that ‘collapses’ the objects it observes, including the body and brain of that conscious observer.

However biocentrism is a modern version of idealism and the Spread Mind posits itself as a form of physicalism. The difference with the standard form of physicalism is that it doesn’t state that conscious experience arises from matter, but that experiences of matter are the matter, and are therefore physical.

My thoughts about this book
I admire Riccardo Manzotti greatly for making a leap in thinking and going beyond the default view. Rather than following the – in my opinion – dead end street of materialism, he takes a highly original standpoint and locates consciousness outside the body. You are one with the objects you perceive. You are the collection of objects you are currently perceiving. Your body – also an object – is the cause of the other objects you experience to be ‘there’.

However, the spread mind fails to capture the essence of what a mind is in my opinion. My mind is not the trash can I just saw. Rather, it is the integrated collection of thoughts, feelings, memories and perceptions that make up that ‘me’ feeling. The trash can appears in my mind, but it is not the same as my mind. Once identity is the same as the objects we observe, this means that if I am drinking a glass of beer in a bar, I am that glass of beer, the bar and even the waitress that is currently serving me.

Manzotti also writes some things that seem contradictory. For example, he writes that in his physical theory, ‘realism is safe’. But according to his theory, objects are only present in relation to the body, and that would violate realism which assumes that an external reality is always present also in the absence of an observer or body.

In conclusion, it was a great and original move by Manzotti to take the mind out of the brain, but biocentrism is better equipped to explain the totality of mental experiences and their relation to the workings of the universe.

You can read more about biocentrism and consciousness on my platform:
http://free-consciousness.com